Mikro-habitat ikan pelangi endemik Melanotaenia arfakensis dan implikasinya bagi konservasi insitu di Kebar, Papua Barat Daya
Microhabitat of the endemic rainbowfish melanotaenia arfakensis and its implications for insitu conservation in Kebar, Southwest Papua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v8.i3.485
This Work is licensed under: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
This Work is licensed under: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Keywords:
Melanotaenia arfakensis, microhabitat, insitu conservation, river connectivity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, Southwest Papua.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study examines the microhabitat characteristics of the endemic rainbowfish Melanotaenia arfakensis in two major rivers of Tambrauw, Southwest Papua—Api River and Asiti River—focusing on the spatial dynamics of environmental parameters from upstream to downstream. Results indicate that water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), depth, current velocity, and river width show significant spatial trends and directly influence the survival of M. arfakensis. The upstream zones, characterized by lower temperatures (23–26°C), high DO levels (>7 mg/L), moderate current, and stable depth, are identified as optimal habitats and conservation priorities. In contrast, the midstream and downstream zones exhibit gradual habitat degradation, including temperature increases up to 29.1°C and decreased DO levels, approaching the physiological tolerance limits of the species. This decline in microhabitat quality correlates with riparian vegetation loss and anthropogenic pressures. Therefore, an effective in situ conservation strategy must be spatially explicit, adaptive, and participatory—emphasizing thermal refugia protection in the upstream zones, ecological restoration in the midstream, and integrated watershed management with community involvement in the downstream areas. Longitudinal connectivity and the integrity of the entire riverine ecosystem are essential for ensuring the long-term viability of this endemic species.
References
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Malik, D., 2016. Seasonal Studies of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Water Quality Assesment of River Dhamola Using Water Quality Index. Journal of Advance Research in Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2352) 3. https://doi.org/10.53555/nnas.v3i1.670
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Poff, N.L., Zimmerman, J.K.H., 2010. Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: A literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshw Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02272.x
Pretty, J., Smith, D., 2004. Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00126.x
Pusey, B.J., Arthington, A.H., 2003. Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish: A review. Mar Freshw Res. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF02041
Sandoval-Castillo, J., Gates, K., Brauer, C.J., Smith, S., Bernatchez, L., Beheregaray, L.B., 2019. Adaptation of plasticity to predicted climates in Australian rainbowfishes (Melanotaenia) across climatically defined bioregions. BioRxiv 859769.
Sollid, J., Nilsson, G.E., 2006. Plasticity of respiratory structures - Adaptive remodeling of fish gills induced by ambient oxygen and temperature. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.006
Stoffers, T., Buijse, A.D., Geerling, G.W., Jans, L.H., Schoor, M.M., Poos, J.J., Verreth, J.A.J., Nagelkerke, L.A.J., 2022. Freshwater fish biodiversity restoration in floodplain rivers requires connectivity and habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales. Science of the Total Environment 838, 156509.
Tongnunui, S., Beamish, F.W.H., 2017. Critical thermal maximum, temperature acclimation and climate effects on thai freshwater fishes. EnvironmentAsia 10. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2017.13
Unmack, P.J., Allen, G.R., Johnson, J.B., 2013. Phylogeny and biogeography of rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from Australia and New Guinea. Mol Phylogenet Evol 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.019
Winemiller, K.O., Jepsen, D.B., 1998. Effects of seasonality and fish movement on tropical river food webs. J Fish Biol 53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01032.x
Xiong, F., Infante, D.M., Olden, J.D., Gao, W., Wang, L., Chen, Y., 2023. River–lake connectivity, wetland, and human stress factors shape fish diversity (alpha and beta) patterns in the middle and lower Yangtze River, China. Landsc Ecol 38, 3809–3824.
Allan, J.D., Castillo, M.M., 2007. Stream ecology: Structure and function of running waters: Second edition, Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5583-6
Allen, G.R., 1991. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of New Guinea.
Allen, G.R., Hadiaty, R.K., 2013. Melanotaenia sneideri, a new species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae), from West Papua Province, Indonesia. aqua: International Journal of Ichthyology 19, 137–147.
Allen, G.R., Hortle, K.G., Renyaan, S.J., 2000. Freshwater fishes of the Timika region, New Guinea. Freeport Indonesia.
Arthington, A.H., Naiman, R.J., McClain, M.E., Nilsson, C., 2010. Preserving the biodiversity and ecological services of rivers: New challenges and research opportunities. Freshw Biol 55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02340.x
Bowler, D.E., Mant, R., Orr, H., Hannah, D.M., Pullin, A.S., 2012. What are the effects of wooded riparian zones on stream temperature? Environ Evid 1, 1–9.
Boyd, C.E., 1998. Water Quality for Pond Aquaculture. International Center Experimental Station.
Campos, D.F. de, Val, A.L., Almeida-Val, V.M.F., 2018. The influence of lifestyle and swimming behavior on metabolic rate and thermal tolerance of twelve Amazon forest stream fish species. J Therm Biol 72, 148–154.
Campos, D.F., Amanajás, R.D., Almeida-Val, V.M.F., Val, A.L., 2021. Climate vulnerability of South American freshwater fish: Thermal tolerance and acclimation. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2452
Castello, L., Macedo, M.N., 2016. Large-scale degradation of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 22. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13173
Clark, T.D., Sandblom, E., Jutfelt, F., 2013. Aerobic scope measurements of fishes in an era of climate change: Respirometry, relevance and recommendations. Journal of Experimental Biology. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.084251
Davies, S.P., Jackson, S.K., 2006. The biological condition gradient: A descriptive model for interpreting change in aquatic ecosystems. Ecological Applications. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1251:TBCGAD]2.0.CO;2
Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, M.O., Kawabata, Z.I., Knowler, D.J., Lévêque, C., Naiman, R.J., Prieur-Richard, A.H., Soto, D., Stiassny, M.L.J., Sullivan, C.A., 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793105006950
Flecker, A.S., Matthews, W.J., 1999. Patterns in Freshwater Fish Ecology. Copeia 1999. https://doi.org/10.2307/1447409
Fuller, M.R., Leinenbach, P., Detenbeck, N.E., Labiosa, R., Isaak, D.J., 2022. Riparian vegetation shade restoration and loss effects on recent and future stream temperatures. Restor Ecol 30, e13626.
Gido, K.B., Whitney, J.E., Perkin, J.S., Turner, T.F., 2016. 10. Fragmentation, connectivity and fish species persistence in freshwater ecosystems 2. ecosystems 2, 3.
Gregory, S. V., Swanson, F.J., McKee, W.A., Cummins, K.W., 1991. An Ecosystem Perspective of Riparian Zones. Bioscience 41. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311607
Grizzetti, B., Lanzanova, D., Liquete, C., Reynaud, A., Cardoso, A.C., 2016. Assessing water ecosystem services for water resource management. Environ Sci Policy 61, 194–203.
Hermoso, V., Filipe, A.F., Segurado, P., Beja, P., 2018. Freshwater conservation in a fragmented world: Dealing with barriers in a systematic planning framework. Aquat Conserv 28. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2826
Jain, N., Yevatikar, R., Raxamwar, T.S., 2022. Comparative study of physico-chemical parameters and water quality index of river. Mater Today Proc 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.508
Kadarusman, Hadiaty, R.K., Segura, G., Setiawibawa, G., Caruso, D., Pouyaud, L., 2012a. Four new species of rainbowfishes (melanotaeniidae) from arguni bay, West Papua, Indonesia. Cybium 36, 369–382.
Kadarusman, Hubert, N., Hadiaty, R.K., Sudarto, Paradis, E., Pouyaud, L., 2012b. Cryptic diversity in indo-australian rainbowfishes revealed by DNA barcoding: Implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot candidate. PLoS One 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040627
Kadarusman, Sudarto, Paradis, E., Pouyaud, L., 2010. Description of Melanotaeniafasinensis, a new species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from west Papua, Indonesia with comments on the rediscovery of M. ajamaruensis and the endangered status of M.parva. Cybium 34.
KLHK (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan), 2021. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: KLHK.
Kottelat, M., Whitten, A.J., 1996. Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi : Additions and Corrections, Freshwater Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi.
Lee, S.H., Goëau, H., Joly, A., Ong, S., Loh, Y.P., Affouard, A., Lombardo, J.-C., Claude, J., Bonnet, P., 2024. Citizen scientists contribution to monitor Asian biodiversity: A case study on flora of Peninsula Malaysia. On the Edge of the Sixth Mass Extinction 139.
Lefaan, P.T., Peday, H.F.Z., Leatemia, S.P.O., Sembel, L., Manangkalangi, E., n.d. Struktur vegetasi riparia dan implikasinya terhadap kondisi habitat ikan pelangi arfak, Melanotaenia arfakensis di Sungai Nimbai, Manokwari Papua Barat.
Malik, D., 2016. Seasonal Studies of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Water Quality Assesment of River Dhamola Using Water Quality Index. Journal of Advance Research in Applied Science (ISSN: 2208-2352) 3. https://doi.org/10.53555/nnas.v3i1.670
Manangkalangi, E., Leatemia, S.P.O., Lefaan, P.T., Peday, H.F.Z., Sembel, L., 2014. Kondisi habitat ikan pelangi arfak, Melanotaenia arfakensis Allen, 1990 di Sungai Nimbai, Prafi Manokwari [Habitat condition of arfak rainbowfish, Melanotaenia arfakensis Allen, 1990 at Nimbai Streams, Prafi Manokwari]. J Iktiologi Indones 14, 21–36.
Nugraha, M.F.I., Kadarusman, Hubert, N., Avarre, J.C., Hadiaty, R.K., Slembrouck, J., Carman, O., Sudarto, Ogistira, R., Pouyaud, L., 2015a. Eight new species of Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from the Birds Head Region, West Papua, Indonesia. Cybium 39, 99–130.
Nugraha, M.F.I., Kadarusman, Hubert, N., Avarre, J.C., Hadiaty, R.K., Slembrouck, J., Carman, O., Sudarto, Ogistira, R., Pouyaud, L., 2015b. Eight new species of Rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from the Birds Head Region, West Papua, Indonesia. Cybium 39.
Null, S.E., Mouzon, N.R., Elmore, L.R., 2017. Dissolved oxygen, stream temperature, and fish habitat response to environmental water purchases. J Environ Manage 197, 559–570.
Olden, J.D., Kennard, M.J., Pusey, B.J., 2012. A framework for hydrologic classification with a review of methodologies and applications in ecohydrology. Ecohydrology. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.251
Omar, S., Wong, C.L., Shaari, J., 2023. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) in Malaysia. Journal of Water Resources Management 1.
Poff, N.L., Zimmerman, J.K.H., 2010. Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: A literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshw Biol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02272.x
Pretty, J., Smith, D., 2004. Social capital in biodiversity conservation and management. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00126.x
Pusey, B.J., Arthington, A.H., 2003. Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish: A review. Mar Freshw Res. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF02041
Sandoval-Castillo, J., Gates, K., Brauer, C.J., Smith, S., Bernatchez, L., Beheregaray, L.B., 2019. Adaptation of plasticity to predicted climates in Australian rainbowfishes (Melanotaenia) across climatically defined bioregions. BioRxiv 859769.
Sollid, J., Nilsson, G.E., 2006. Plasticity of respiratory structures - Adaptive remodeling of fish gills induced by ambient oxygen and temperature. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.006
Stoffers, T., Buijse, A.D., Geerling, G.W., Jans, L.H., Schoor, M.M., Poos, J.J., Verreth, J.A.J., Nagelkerke, L.A.J., 2022. Freshwater fish biodiversity restoration in floodplain rivers requires connectivity and habitat heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales. Science of the Total Environment 838, 156509.
Tongnunui, S., Beamish, F.W.H., 2017. Critical thermal maximum, temperature acclimation and climate effects on thai freshwater fishes. EnvironmentAsia 10. https://doi.org/10.14456/ea.2017.13
Unmack, P.J., Allen, G.R., Johnson, J.B., 2013. Phylogeny and biogeography of rainbowfishes (Melanotaeniidae) from Australia and New Guinea. Mol Phylogenet Evol 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.019
Winemiller, K.O., Jepsen, D.B., 1998. Effects of seasonality and fish movement on tropical river food webs. J Fish Biol 53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01032.x
Xiong, F., Infante, D.M., Olden, J.D., Gao, W., Wang, L., Chen, Y., 2023. River–lake connectivity, wetland, and human stress factors shape fish diversity (alpha and beta) patterns in the middle and lower Yangtze River, China. Landsc Ecol 38, 3809–3824.
Published
2025-07-30
How to Cite
Yemima Kaliele, M., Bawole, R., Manangkalangi, E., Tebaiy, S., Toha, A. H. A., Alfarani Bawole, C., Boli, P., & Mudjirahayu. (2025). Mikro-habitat ikan pelangi endemik Melanotaenia arfakensis dan implikasinya bagi konservasi insitu di Kebar, Papua Barat Daya . Cassowary, 8(3), 65-77. https://doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v8.i3.485
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